This video illustrates the use of manipulatives to help students practice number relations skills. When numbers are represented with manipulatives as sets, students develop a concrete understanding for comparing quantities. Students must possess a deep understanding of number relation skill including identifying more, less, and equal quantities prior to mastering higher-level skills such as number operations.
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This video illustrates the use of an efficient counting on strategy that students may practice to solve simple addition problems without the use of manipulatives. When students use a counting on strategy to solve an addition problem, they must be able to hold one number in working memory; however, an important working memory strategy to teach students and allow students to practice includes using fingers to track counting. Counting on is an efficient strategy that students may use to quickly determine the solution to an addition problem. With enough practice opportunities students will soon be able to perform simple arithmetic without the use of working memory strategies such as finger counting.
This video illustrates the use of an efficient counting on strategy that students may practice to solve simple subtraction problems without the use of manipulatives.
This video illustrates the use of manipulatives to help students practice correspondence and tracking objects as objects are counted in different ways. When children understand that objects may be counted in any order (e.g., left-to-right, right-to-left, in a random fashion) they have developed an understanding of the order irrelevance counting principle. Counting objects in many different ways also allows students to practice tracking objects as the objects are counted to make sure that each objects is counted once and only once, regardless of the order in which the object is counted.
This video shows how manipulatives can be used to explain that multiplication represents groups of equal sets of numbers.
This video shows how manipulatives can be used to explain division problems that have a fair-share or equal partition problem structure. This example demonstrates how manipulatives can be used to show how repeated subtraction (i.e., when the whole is decreased iteratively by equal sets) can be used in division to determine the size of the equal set. When students have many practice opportunities to solve division problems with strategies such as repeated subtraction, they develop a solid conceptual understanding that division represents partitioning a quality into groups of equivalent sets.
This video shows how manipulatives can be used to explain division problems that have a fair-share or equal partition problem structure. This example demonstrates how manipulatives can be used to show how repeated subtraction (i.e., when the whole is decreased iteratively by equal sets) can be used in division to determine the size of the equal set. When students have many practice opportunities to solve division problems with strategies such as repeated subtraction, they develop a solid conceptual understanding that division represents partitioning a quality into groups of equivalent sets.
This video shows how manipulatives can be used to explain multiplicative problem structures to students who are just beginning to use multiplication strategies.
This video illustrates how manipulatives can be used to show the relation between strategies for subtraction and addition.
This video shows how manipulatives can be used to explain subtraction using a part-part-whole structure.