Norms for oral reading fluency (ORF) can be used to help educators make decisions about which students might need intervention in reading and to help monitor students’ progress once instruction has begun. This paper describes the origins of the widely used curriculum-based measure of ORF and how the creation and use of ORF norms has evolved over time. Using data from three widely-used commercially available ORF assessments (DIBELS, DIBELS Next, and easyCBM), a new set of compiled ORF norms for grade 1-6 are presented here along with an analysis of how they differ from the norms created in 2006.
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DBI Process
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Implementation Guidance and Considerations
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In this video, Dr. Rebecca Zumeta Edmonds, Co-Director of NCII discusses the differences between the terms “multi-tiered system of supports (MTSS)” and “Response to Intervention (RtI).”
How might MTSS affect what's measured on report cards, including academic and non-academic measures?
In this video, Dr. Rebecca Zumeta Edmonds, Co-Director of NCII, discusses ways that a multi-tiered system of supports (MTSS) can help educators consider what student report cards can measure beyond academic performance.
In this video, Dr. Rebecca Zumeta Edmonds, Co-Director of NCII discusses the role professional development should play when preparing staff to implement a multi-tiered system of supports.
Research indicates that for successful implementation to occur, it is important to look at not only what is being implemented but how it is implemented. Implementing DBI often necessitates that educators make school-wide instructional adaptations, engage in systematic data analysis, and conduct individualized student-level decisions at levels that task the bandwidth of resources, staffing, and budgets of many schools. Assessing readiness from multiple stakeholders with different perspectives prior to implementation allows educators across many levels (schools, districts, and states) to prioritize areas for their initial efforts and then slowly use the momentum to build capacity toward full implementation. In this section, find training materials, lessons learned from those who have implemented DBI, and tools to assess your initial readiness and build capacity to implement intensive intervention.