This video shows how manipulatives can be used to explain multiplicative problem structures to students who are just beginning to use multiplication strategies.
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This video illustrates the use of manipulatives to help students practice counting skills such as correspondence and cardinality. When students practice counting with manipulatives they learn to recognize that number names are stated in a standard order, each number word is paired with one and only one object, and the last number stated in the sequence tells the number of total objects counted in the set. It is important for students to master skills such as correspondence and cardinality, because a strong foundation in counting is necessary for students to learn other skills such as number relations.
This video demonstrates two addition problem structures that students must understand to master basic facts. Each problem structure has three numbers, with one number missing.
This video demonstrates how to use base-10 blocks to help students solve division problems that cannot be solved with automatic retrieval. The use of direct modeling with concrete manipulatives to demonstrate division allows students to visualize the division of a quantity into equal groups. Students should have multiple opportunities to practice division with manipulatives to develop an understanding of the steps for regrouping and dividing quantities into equal groups. While students may have moved on to traditional algorithms with other operations (e.g., subtraction) they may still require the use of concrete manipulatives with learning division.
This video shows how to use an area model to solve a multi-digit multiplication problem. An area model can serve as a visual representation of the partial products multiplication strategy. Using an area model may be a good option for students who have not yet gained a conceptual understanding of how regrouping works or how the partial products strategy works. The area model method can serve as a visual guide for students until they are ready to use traditional algorithms.
This video demonstrates how to use base-10 blocks to help students solve multiplication problems that cannot be solved with automatic retrieval.
This video demonstrates how to use base-10 blocks and a place value chart to help students subtract multi-digit numbers that require regrouping.
This video illustrates how to use the traditional addition algorithm with regrouping.
This video describes how to use the partial sums strategy with addition. The problem in this video requires regrouping; however, the partial sums strategy eliminates the regrouping procedure. The partial sums strategy is typically performed left to right and focuses on adding only part of each multi-digit number at a time (e.g., only adding digits in the hundreds column to determine the partial sum of hundreds, followed by only adding digits in the tens column to determine the partial sum of tens, and so on). It may be especially important for students to know and understand the partial sums strategies if they have not yet developed an understanding for regrouping. This strategy is also efficient when all or most of the numbers have the same number of digits.
This video illustrates how to use the traditional algorithm to solve subtraction with regrouping. The traditional algorithm focuses on digit placement and requires that students move right to left to correctly perform the operation. Before students are introduced to the standard addition algorithm, it is important that they have a conceptual understanding of regrouping. This will allow students to correctly use the algorithm when they exchange 10 ones in the ones place value column with 1 ten in the tens place value column. It is important for students to know and understand how to use the traditional algorithm because it is an efficient strategy to use if regrouping is required, when numbers have varying numbers of digits, and when the numbers included are too large to reasonably use other strategies (e.g., partial differences can become confusing for students who do not understand negative integers).